When it comes to 5G networks, there’s something beyond pure speed to get excited about.

Next-generation mobile networks will be able to accommodate a lot more people and a lot more data as carriers like Verizon, T-Mobile and AT&T and manufacturers like Nokia and Ericsson improve the total capacity of the network. That means your phone won’t be fighting against all the others trying to send and receive data.

“Once 5G arrives on a nationwide basis, there is so much bandwidth available that we will have pretty much unlimited access to data,” predicted Forrester analyst Dan Bieler.

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5G will indeed be able to send data faster than 4G — probably something like 10 times faster than the new advanced versions of 4G. But those peak speeds often exist only in ideal conditions. In contrast, 5G should be more reliably fast. In other words, you’ll still be able to update Facebook, send that email attachment and stream your favorite TV show — even in crowded areas like city centers and stadiums where today’s 4G networks often struggle.

5G stands for fifth-generation network technology, and it should transform how we our digital lives as profoundly as previous generational shifts. Back in the 1990s, 2G was mostly good enough only for text, but 3G opened up the world of photo sharing and 4G made streaming video practical. 5G won’t just boost reliability; it could usher in new technologies like augmented reality help self-driving cars send time-critical messages to each other and link everything from pollution sensors to health monitors to the network.

Coming sooner than you thought

5G networks are expected to arrive in 2019. The conventional wisdom is that the early examples would be for what’s called “fixed wireless” connections, bringing fast broadband to your house without having to dig a pesky trench for a fiber-optic cable. But Qualcomm, a top maker of mobile chips and radio technology, insists 5G will come to your phone that year, too.

“What drove industry support is that global demand for mobile broadband continues to rise,” said Matt Branda, Qualcomm’s director of 5G technical marketing. “Things are lining up to make this a reality in 2019 in your smartphones.”

If you’ve followed 5G networking, you may remember a promised delivery date of 2020. But the network industry managed to accelerate some parts of the standardization work. There are plenty of pilot projects, too — the highest profile likely will be the 2018 Olympics in South Korea, a country obsessed with superfast networks.

5G network equipment will be expensive to install. Not only must network operators upgrade all their base stations — the central radio towers our phones talk to — but they’ll have to install more to get closer spacing and to upgrade stations’ connections back to the main network. It’s worth it, though, because 5G will let them satisfy our data demands.

“Delivering everything at a lower cost per bit motivates the operators to move to this system,” Branda said.

How motivated? Brace yourself for a mind-boggling price tag. The industry will spend $2.4 trillion between 2020 and 2030, according to IHS Markit research. In the US alone, spending will peak in 2023 with a whopping $23 billion spent.

What makes 5G tick

For a generational shift like 5G, engineers have to figure out how to squeeze more use out of the existing airwaves. There’s only so much room in the radio-wave spectrum, and most of it’s already claimed. For example, some frequency bands are reserved for broadcast TV, police get some other bands, and carriers spend billions of dollars to obtain government licenses for other parts of the spectrum.

But 5G taps into a new patch of the radio-frequency spectrum, the home of “millimeter-wave” radio signals.

“All this requires a scarce resource,” said Ulf Ewaldsson, a senior vice president at network equipment maker Ericsson. Radio spectrum “is the future oil.”

The oil boom started in places like Texas where you could drill a hole in the ground and money gushed out. As those supplies ran out, oil companies pushed to harder areas like freezing arctic tundra and dangerous mid-sea drilling platforms. Similarly, radio broadcasts used the easiest frequencies first, but the laws of physics make millimeter-wave radio communications tough.

For one thing, signals don’t travel very far, because trees, buildings, your body and even the air can stop them.

“You need direct line of sight,” with nothing between the phone and the network base station it’s communication with, said Ronan Quinlan, joint chief executive of antenna specialist Taoglas.

Engineers overcome some range challenges with “beamforming,” which tightly focuses radio signals in a single direction, but Qualcomm thinks it’s got another part of the answer. It can bounce radio beams off some structures like light poles and buildings.

5G will also continue to use plenty of easier-to-use spectrum. The fancy new millimeter-wave connections will provide a boost when it’s available, but phones will be able to fill in the gaps with more traditional radio technology, too.

Future feature delay

Accelerating the 5G delivery schedule sounds great. But the move earlier this year came at a cost. That’s because 5G is designed to hook a lot of other things to the network than phones.

“Speeding up the standardization process has forced the key stakeholders to pull out many features of the 5G laundry list,” said Stéphane Téral, IHS Markit research director for mobile networks and carrier economics.

One of those areas is fast-response networks. Ewaldsson expects 5G will meet its promise of 1-millisecond latency, meaning only a thousandth of a second passes between when a message is sent and when it’s received. That’s 50 times quicker than with today’s 4G networks, according to equipment maker Huawei.

That fast response is important for new network uses like self-driving cars communicating with each other and with infrastructure like traffic signals. It could let a human operator remotely control mechanical equipment. It could open new vistas for virtual reality and augmented reality, situations where equipment must respond nearly instantly to changing perspectives. And it’ll mean service robots helping elderly people will be able to communicate fast enough with control centers to be useful, Nokia believes.

Another big area for mobile networks is the internet of things (IoT). Think of attaching thousands of soil monitors on a farm to the network, or hospitals with 5G medical equipment. 5G has been designed to be easier on batteries for this kind of situation.

But carriers just aren’t generally experienced selling something besides network access to mobile phones. It’ll be tough for them to talk to factories with 5G robots or mines with 5G excavation equipment, Ewaldsson said. And all those new network customers are key to justifying the big 5G upgrade expense.

“The biggest challenge for the industry is going to be to opening up fast enough for the business case to work out,” Ewaldsson said.

Fast networks and 5G-based internet of things technology will arrive. Just not as soon as those eager for more radical change would have liked. For now, we’ll have to be content with fast, capacious networks for our phones.